Bronze

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, usually with tin as the main additive. However, other elements such as aluminum, manganese, nickel, or zinc can be added to produce different properties in the alloy. Bronze is known for its high corrosion resistance, strength, and versatility, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.

Composition:

Copper (Cu): Typically 80-95%
Tin (Sn): 5-15%
Other elements: May include zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), and silicon (Si).

Grades

ASTM 13103 C 51000:

ASTM standard specifying the composition and mechanical properties for phosphor bronze alloys.

SAE J 463 C 51000:

SAE standard detailing the requirements for phosphor bronze alloys used in various applications.

BS 2874 PB 102:

British Standard specifying the composition and mechanical properties for phosphor bronze alloys.

CW 451K:

European standard designation for phosphor bronze alloys.

Properties:

Corrosion Resistance:
- Excellent resistance to corrosion in various environments, including seawater and industrial atmospheres.
- Resistant to stress corrosion cracking and dezincification.
Mechanical Properties:
- Tensile Strength: Typically around 350-800 MPa.
- Yield Strength: Approximately 150-400 MPa.
- Elongation: Generally around 15-30%, indicating good ductility.
- Hardness: Moderate to high hardness, with a Brinell hardness number (HB) of around 50-150.
Wear Resistance:
- Good wear resistance, suitable for applications involving friction and mechanical stress.
- Low friction properties, ideal for bearing and bushing applications.
Machinability:
- Good machinability, allowing for precise manufacturing and machining of components.
- Can be easily cast, forged, and worked.
Thermal and Electrical Conductivity:
- Good thermal conductivity, making it suitable for heat exchangers and electrical applications.
- Moderate electrical conductivity, lower than pure copper but sufficient for many uses.

Applications:

Bearings and Bushings: Extensively used in the production of bearings and bushings due to its good wear resistance and low friction properties.
Marine Hardware: Commonly used in marine hardware such as propellers, pumps, and valves due to its excellent corrosion resistance.
Musical Instruments: Used in the production of various musical instruments due to its excellent acoustic properties.
Art and Sculpture: Widely used in art and sculpture due to its aesthetic appeal and ease of casting.
Industrial Equipment: Suitable for various industrial equipment parts, including gears, connectors, and fasteners.